From inside the characterizing dialectic, Engels blogged: “Main statutes: transformation of quantity and top quality-shared penetration of polar opposites and you will conversion process toward both whenever sent so you’re able to extremes; development thanks to contradiction, or negation regarding negation; [and] brand new spiral style of creativity” (Dialektika prirody, 1969, p
Pre-Marxist dialectic thus created a general become out of number, characteristics, neighborhood, and you will attention (present in Greek natural thinking); a to-be of these agencies when it comes to logical kinds (Platonism, Hegel); the fresh new knowledge out-of correct concerns and solutions as well as disagreement (Socrates, the newest Stoics); a criticism to become and its own replacement by a distinct and you can unknowable mutliplicity (Zeno out-of Elea); the brand new doctrine from rationally growing, likely principles, judgments, and you will findings (Aristotle): the latest systematic exhaustion of all illusions off peoples reasoning, and that inconsistently strives towards a complete wholeness thus disintegrates with the contradictions (Kant); the new subjectivist (Fichte), objectivist (Schelling), and you may absolutist (Hegel) opinions of the spirit (Geist), while the indicated regarding are out of groups.
G. Belinskii, A. We. Herzen, and Letter. Grams. Chernyshevskii contacted an excellent materialist dialectic. Compared to Hegel, they derived vanguard findings from the ideas out-of endless actions and development: for them dialectic is actually new “algebra from revolution” (find A. soch. vol. nine, 1956, p. 23). Bourgeois thinking shortly after Hegel turned into away from the victory throughout the section of dialectic that had been hit within the beliefs. Hegels dialectic is actually rejected by a number of philosophers because the “sophistry,” an “mistake into the reason,” and also a “infected perversion regarding head” (R. Haym, An effective. Trendelenburg, and you will Age. von Hartmann). On Neo-Kantianism of Marburg University (H. Cohen, P. Natorp) new dialectic from “conceptual info” are changed of the “reasoning of the mathematical idea of mode,” and therefore lead to an effective negation of the notion of substance and to help you “real idealism.” Neo-Hegelianism reach the therefore-entitled negative dialectic, asserting that contradictions found for the maxims attest with the nonreality, or “seemingness,” of its stuff. The latest unity away from opposites is actually replaced by an excellent unity from coexisting, secondary issues in the interest of reaching a combination of real information (F. Bradley). Dialectic along with came up as a blending away from opposites, with the aid of natural intuition (B. Croce, R. Kroner, and i also. A beneficial. Ilin). H. Bergson advanced a request with the unreasonable and purely instinctive combining away from opposites, a combination to-be addressed given that a “wonders.” For the existentialism (K. Jaspers, J. P. Sartre) the brand new dialectic try know relativistically, just like the a roughly options structure of awareness. Characteristics is recognized as the fresh sphere out-of “positivist need,” whereas area is well known as “dialectical need,” and therefore derives their standards from people awareness in addition to individual practical event away from human beings. Other existentialists (G. Marcel, Yards. Buber) treat dialectic theologically, just like the a network from questions and you can solutions ranging from awareness and being. Information of a bad dialectic designed once the a complete denial wapa reddit from facts rather than leading to a different synthesis have been designed by the T. Adorno and you will H. Marcuse.
A constantly materialist translation away from dialectic is available with K. Marx and F. Engels, brand new creators of your own philosophy regarding dialectical materialism. Just after critically groing through this new achievement off preceding dialectic, Marx and Engels used the philosophy with the reworking regarding opinions, political economy, and you may background and the origin out of an insurance plan and methods on specialists course. V. We. Lenin produced an excellent share into the growth of materialist dialectic. The newest classics regarding Marxism-Leninism regard materialist dialectic just like the doctrine away from universal interconnections and you will the quintessential standard rules off development of becoming and you will think.
We. Herzen, Sobr
Materialist dialectic try expressed in the a network off groups and you can rules. 1). Regulations of your unity and disagreement of opposites occupies an effective special put among every statutes of the dialectic; Lenin called it the newest central center of one’s dialectic.