From inside the a far more great-grained analysis, per cent rule transform have been further reviewed regarding the face expression having fun with SPSS twenty five
Brand new fMRI research was indeed registered using a step 3-tesla entire-muscles MRI program (Philips Achieva step 3.0T Tx) and you can a 32-station Feel direct coil. The newest MRI test been with a high-solution T1-weighted anatomical gradient reflect search (3d TFE: matrix three hundred ? 235 mm dos , remodeled so you’re able to 320 ? 320 mm dos , field-of-look at 240 ? 188.8 ? 192 mm step 3 , in-flat quality 0.8 ? 0.8 mm dos , slice occurrence 0 older women dating.8 mm, rebuilt to help you a final voxel size of 0.75 ? 0.75 ? 0.8 mm?). Altogether, 240 incisions in the transverse direction was indeed gotten (TR = 10 ms, TE = cuatro.6 ms, flip position ? = 8°, Feel foundation RRL = 2.5 and you may RFH = 2.0). Useful data in the sympathy to have discomfort paradigm had been amassed having fun with T2*-adjusted reflect-planar imaging (EPI) sequences. Thirty-several slices have been received in the interleaved order parallel toward bicommissural planes. To locate blood-outdoors peak-mainly based (BOLD) contrasts, we used a sensitivity encrypted single-decide to try reflect-planar imaging protocol (SENSE-sshEPI: level of cuts thirty-two, matrix 80 ? 80 mm dos , remodeled in order to 112 ? 112 mm 2 , field-of-see 220 ? 220 mm 2 , in-jet solution 2.75 ? dos.75 mm dos , slice density step 3 mm that have step 1 mm pit, reconstructed to help you a last voxel sized step one.96 ? step 1.96 ? step three mm step 3 , TR = dos,100000 ms, TE = 29 ms, flip angle ? = 90°, Sense grounds Hip hop = dos.0). Brand new EPI series become with four scans that were thrown away due in order to saturation effects. All the work on contains 335 amounts and does take approximately eleven min. Overall, players completed four browsing runs.
To deal with the still existing multiple testing problem and in accordance with the developers of the WFU PickAtlas software, peak voxel FWE correction was applied and only activation surviving a threshold of p[FWE] < 0
The collected fMRI data were preprocessed and analyzed statistically using SPM12 (Wellcome Trust Center for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; and MATLAB 7.11 (The MathWorks Inc, Natick, MA). Preprocessing of the data implies slice timing correction, realignment, coregistration, and normalization with a T1 template provided by Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM). The images were smoothed with an isotropic 8-mm full-width half-maximum Gaussian kernel, and the final voxel size of resampled images was 2 ? 2 ? 2 mm?. We applied a high-pass filter (cutoff, 100 s) to eliminate low-frequency signal drifts. Based on our previous study (30), we focused the analyses on the phase of pain/no pain perception according to the preceding emotional facial expression [e.g., (angry face+pain), (happy face+no pain), etc]. Thus, at the single subject level, regressors were combinations of pain condition, emotion, and gender. The realignment parameters were entered as regressors of no interest in the design matrix. A statistical model for each participant was calculated by convolving a hemodynamic response function with the abovementioned design (41). Subsequent statistical analysis followed the general model approach (42). As proposed by Poldrack and colleagues (43), and already used in social cognition research (44), we focused our analysis on hypothesis-driven regions of interest (ROIs) known to be involved in empathy for pain. To this end, we designed a mask containing the ROIs by using the WFU PickAtlas (45). All ROIs were chosen in accordance with a recent meta-analysis by Lamm and colleagues (26). The following ROIs were included: the anterior bilateral insula, the left medial cingulate cortex, the bilateral supramarginal gyri, the bilateral pallidum, the bilateral inferior temporal gyri, the bilateral amygdala, the left precentral gyrus, the right frontal inferior gyrus (pars opercularis), and the left thalamus. To visualize the brain areas involved in pain processing, the so-called pain matrix, we examined the T-contrast “effect of pain,” that is, [pain > no pain] collapsed over all emotions and gender using the “full factorial” option in SPM. This options shows activations with p[uncorrected] <0.001 for an extent k > 10 voxel. 05 was considered significant. All activations were labeled according to the anatomical automatic labeling (AAL) atlas (46) implemented in the WFU PickAtlas (45). Afterward, percent signal changes from the abovementioned ROIs that showed activations were extracted using the “MarsBar” toolbox ( (47). 0. By using this localizer-based approach, we aimed to avoid the problem of “double dipping” (48). In the Supplemental Material, we show additional alternative analyses for further confirmation of the findings.